The rapid growth of electric vehicles (EVs) presents both significant issues and opportunities for the management of electricity grids. Renewable energy, for example from wind and solar, is intermittent, often generating mismatches between supply and demand that threaten system stability. At the same time, EVs spend most of their lifetime parked, leaving their batteries largely idle. This situation highlights the main issue: while the grid struggles with volatility, a vast distributed storage resource remains unexploited. Aggregating EVs into Virtual Power Plants (VPPs), digital platforms that manage distributed resources as a single energy unit, can transform this idle capacity into a valuable source of flexibility for the power system.
